Defining and Understanding Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs

What Is It?

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a condition where the cushioning discs between the bones of the spine bulge or rupture. When this happens, the disc material presses on the spinal cord, leading to pain, weakness, or even paralysis. IVDD is one of the most common spinal problems in dogs. The severity ranges from mild back pain to sudden, severe loss of mobility.

Who Gets It?

  • Chondrodystrophic breeds such as Dachshunds, Corgis, Beagles, and Shih Tzus.
  • Any breed can be affected, especially as dogs age.
  • More common in middle-aged to older dogs, though younger dogs may also develop IVDD.
  • Obesity and repetitive jumping increase the risk.

Early Signs Owners May Notice

  • Reluctance to jump, climb stairs, or play.
  • Stiffness or arching of the back.
  • Shivering, whining, or crying out when picked up.
  • Wobbly walking or dragging paws.
  • Sudden weakness in the back legs.
  • Severe cases: loss of bladder or bowel control.

How It Progresses

  • Mild stage: Back or neck pain, stiffness, reluctance to move.
  • Moderate stage: Wobbly gait, weakness in the hind limbs.
  • Severe stage: Inability to walk, paralysis, possible incontinence.

IVDD may progress gradually or strike very suddenly.

How Is It Diagnosed?

There is no single sign that proves IVDD at home. A veterinarian will perform a clinical exam to check for pain and neurologic changes, rule out other causes such as arthritis or trauma, and may recommend referral for advanced imaging and testing.

The Importance of Seeing a Veterinary Neurologist

For dogs diagnosed with IVDD, consultation with a board-certified veterinary neurologist is a key step. Neurologists specialize in diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. They perform advanced examinations, recommend appropriate imaging when needed, explain whether a dog is a candidate for surgery or if conservative care is best, and guide families on risks, expected outcomes, and recovery timelines.

IVDD varies between dogs and treatment decisions have lifelong impact. Specialist input helps ensure that surgery is chosen only when appropriate and that families understand all options. Even if surgery is performed, physical rehabilitation and at-home care remain essential for recovery. A neurologist and a Certified Canine Rehabilitation Practitioner working together provide a strong path forward for comfort and mobility.

Is There a Cure?

IVDD cannot be cured, but treatment can restore comfort and function. Options range from strict rest and medications to surgical correction.

Surgery, when recommended by a veterinary neurologist, can be life changing for dogs with moderate to severe IVDD. By relieving spinal cord compression, surgery may restore mobility, reduce pain, and give many dogs the chance to walk and play again. For the right candidates, surgical correction often provides the best chance of long term recovery and quality of life.

Even when surgery is performed, dogs still need conservative care and structured physical rehabilitation to recover fully. Surgery corrects the disc compression, but it does not rebuild strength, coordination, or confidence. That is achieved through physical rehabilitation, controlled exercise, and home adjustments.

Benefits of Physical Rehabilitation

  • Muscle preservation: Prevents muscle wasting during recovery periods.
  • Improved coordination: Exercises retrain nerve pathways and improve balance.
  • Pain management: Techniques such as massage, stretching, and controlled movement reduce discomfort.
  • Prevention of complications: Reduces the risk of pressure sores, joint stiffness, and secondary injuries.
  • Confidence and independence: Dogs regain the ability to move, play, and engage with family life.
  • Bonding: Owners play an active role in recovery, strengthening the human and dog connection.

Important reminder for owners: Physical rehabilitation is a professional service that requires specialized training. A Certified Canine Rehabilitation Practitioner (CCRP) or equivalently trained professional will design and adjust a program safely. Owners may be shown supportive techniques to continue between professional sessions.

How to Help Your Dog

  • Veterinary guidance first: Contact your veterinarian for signs such as back pain, weakness, or difficulty walking. They may confirm suspicion of IVDD and refer to a specialist.
  • Referral to a veterinary neurologist: A board certified neurologist determines severity, discusses surgical appropriateness, and guides treatment choices.
  • Referral to a Certified Canine Rehabilitation Practitioner (CCRP): Whether surgery is performed or conservative care is chosen, physical rehabilitation is essential. A CCRP designs a safe plan to preserve strength, restore mobility, and prevent secondary problems.
  • Physical rehabilitation and exercise: Gentle, guided programs preserve strength and support recovery.
  • Strict rest when recommended: Rest is critical in mild or early cases.
  • Assistive devices: Slings, harnesses, or wheelchairs can support mobility and independence.
  • Home adjustments: Use ramps instead of stairs, rugs for traction, and block furniture to prevent jumping.
  • Nutrition and supplements: Keep a healthy weight and use joint and nerve supportive nutrition with veterinary guidance.
  • Compassionate care: Provide help with hygiene, bladder care, and comfort needs during recovery.

Prognosis

Recovery depends on the severity of spinal cord compression and the timing of treatment. Dogs with mild to moderate IVDD often do very well. Even dogs with severe cases or paralysis may regain function with timely surgery followed by diligent physical rehabilitation and home support. With veterinary guidance and owner dedication, many IVDD dogs live active and comfortable lives.