Femur and Tibia/Fibula Fractures in Dogs

Description of the Condition

The femur (thigh bone) and tibia/fibula (lower leg bones) are major weight-bearing bones in the hindlimbs of dogs. Fractures of these bones are often serious injuries requiring veterinary treatment.

  • May be simple (clean break) or complex (multiple fragments).

  • Can be closed (skin intact) or open (bone exposed through skin).

  • Often require surgical stabilization with plates, screws, pins, or external fixators.

  • Healing time is typically 8–12 weeks, depending on age, fracture type, and stability of repair.

Common Causes

  • Trauma: Being hit by a car, falls, or accidents during activity.

  • High-impact injuries: Jumping from great heights or rough play.

  • Pathologic fractures: Rare, but may occur if bone is weakened by disease (e.g., bone cancer).

Breeds at Risk

  • Any breed can suffer femur or tibia fractures due to trauma.

  • High-energy, active dogs are at greater risk.

  • Young dogs may be more prone due to adventurous activity, while older dogs with weakened bones may also be vulnerable.

Possible Treatments

  • Conservative Management: Rarely used, but some very young puppies with simple fractures may heal with splinting or casting.

  • Surgical Repair:

    • Plates and screws for rigid stabilization.

    • Intramedullary pins or rods.

    • External fixators for complex fractures.

  • Post-Operative Care: Strict rest, controlled activity, and gradual rehabilitation.

Role of Rehabilitation

Post-Surgical Recovery

  • Controlled activity plans to protect the repair.

  • Gait retraining to restore normal movement.

  • Gradual return to function over weeks to months.

Massage and Stretching

  • Massage to relieve soreness in compensating muscles.

  • Gentle stretching of hip, stifle, and hock once cleared, to prevent stiffness.

Strengthening and Stability

  • Controlled leash walking, slowly increasing duration.

  • Sit-to-stand exercises to build hind limb strength.

  • Swimming (when approved) to rebuild endurance with less stress on the bone.

Measuring Recovery and Communication

  • Radiographs to confirm bone healing before resuming normal activity.

  • Goniometry to track hip, stifle, and hock mobility.

  • Progress logs with pain levels, mobility, and activity tolerance.

What Owners Can Do at Home

Safe Handling and Environment

  • Strict activity restriction — no running, jumping, or stairs until cleared.

  • Confine to a crate, pen, or small room during recovery.

  • Use non-slip flooring to prevent slips.

  • Always use a short leash when outside.

Bandage, Splint, or Incision Care

  • Keep surgical incisions clean and dry.

  • If bandaged or splinted, check toes for swelling or odor.

  • Prevent licking with an e-collar if necessary.

  • Report any redness, swelling, discharge, or foul odor immediately.

Home Exercises (When Cleared by Rehab Practitioner)

  • PROM: Gentle range of motion for hip, stifle, and hock.

  • Massage: Relieve tension in back and hips from compensation.

  • Controlled leash walks: Begin with very short sessions, increasing gradually.

Long-Term Support

  • Keep your dog lean to reduce stress on healing bones.

  • Provide joint supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3 fatty acids if recommended).

  • Continue structured exercise even after healing to prevent stiffness and rebuild strength.

Monitoring and Communication

  • Keep a daily log of appetite, activity, and pain.

  • Watch for signs of problems: lameness, swelling, or reluctance to bear weight.

  • Attend all scheduled recheck appointments and X-rays.

Final Thoughts

Femur and tibia/fibula fractures are serious injuries, but with surgical repair, structured rehabilitation, and diligent home care, most dogs recover to full mobility. Owner commitment during the healing process is key to preventing complications and ensuring long-term comfort and function.