Defining and Understanding Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

What Is It?

Hip Dysplasia is a developmental condition where the hip joint does not form properly. Instead of the ball and socket fitting snugly, they are loose or misshapen. This leads to joint instability, abnormal wear, pain, and eventually arthritis. Hip Dysplasia is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs.

Who Gets It?

Large and giant breed dogs are at the highest risk (German Shepherds, Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, etc.).
Can also occur in medium or even small breeds.
Genetic predisposition is the strongest factor.
Rapid growth, poor diet, obesity, and excessive exercise at a young age increase risk.

Early Signs Owners May Notice

Stiffness or difficulty rising, especially after rest.
Reluctance to jump, run, or climb stairs.
Bunny-hopping gait when running.
Decreased activity or exercise intolerance.
Audible clicking or popping from the hips.
Muscle loss in the hindquarters and increased shoulder muscle development from shifting weight forward.

How It Progresses

Starts in puppyhood as the hip joint develops abnormally. Over time, wear and tear lead to cartilage damage and arthritis. Symptoms usually worsen with age, though some young dogs may show signs early. In severe cases, pain and loss of mobility can become significant.

How Is It Diagnosed?

A veterinarian will perform a physical examination to check joint movement and comfort, recommend radiographs (X-rays) or advanced imaging to confirm the diagnosis and assess severity, and consider referral to an orthopedic specialist for surgical evaluation when appropriate.

The Importance of Veterinary Guidance

Because Hip Dysplasia ranges from mild to severe, veterinary evaluation is essential. A veterinarian or board-certified orthopedic specialist can determine whether a dog is best managed conservatively or may benefit from surgical intervention.

The Role of the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA)

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is a non-profit organization that helps improve canine health through genetic testing and certification programs. For hip dysplasia, the OFA evaluates radiographs of dogs over two years of age and assigns hip scores ranging from “Excellent” to “Severe.”

For breeders: OFA certification is a key tool in reducing the incidence of hip dysplasia through responsible breeding.
For owners: Knowing your dog’s OFA hip status (if available) can provide important insight into risks, management needs, and long-term planning.

More information is available at www.ofa.org.

Is There a Cure?

There is no permanent cure, but multiple treatment options exist. Conservative management may include weight control, anti-inflammatory medications, joint supplements, and structured physical rehabilitation. Surgical options, such as hip replacement or other corrective surgeries, may be recommended in moderate to severe cases. Even after surgery, dogs benefit greatly from physical rehabilitation to restore strength and mobility.

Benefits of Physical Rehabilitation

Pain relief and improved mobility: Achieved through guided exercise and techniques.
Strengthens hip and core muscles: Helps stabilize the joint.
Maintains joint flexibility: Reduces stiffness and keeps hips functioning.
Improves quality of life: Keeps dogs active, playful, and confident.
Owner involvement: Owners can be taught safe exercises to continue at home.

How to Help Your Dog

Veterinary guidance first: Always begin with your veterinarian.
Referral to a CCRP: A Certified Canine Rehabilitation Practitioner can design a safe exercise and management program.
Weight control: Maintaining a lean body condition is one of the most important steps.
Assistive devices: Orthopedic beds, ramps, slings, or harnesses can support daily mobility.
Home adjustments: Rugs, traction mats, and blocked stair access reduce strain.
Joint supplements and nutrition: With veterinary guidance, these may support joint health.
Compassionate care: Provide comfort, modify activity, and ensure safe exercise.

Prognosis

With proper management, many dogs with Hip Dysplasia live long, active, and comfortable lives. Dogs treated early and kept lean often have the best outcomes. In severe cases, surgical intervention followed by rehabilitation can restore excellent quality of life.