Common Canine Orthopedic and Neurological Conditions
Here you can find information on some of the more common diseases and ailments that can affect a dogs mobility, comfort and quality of life.
Each section will contain its own page and info including Causation, Signs, Stages of progression, Description and Possible Resolutions.
This section is to serve as a reference for Owners who have already had their dog diagnosed by a licensed veterinarian or are lucking for information on a disease they are worried about
THIS GUIDE IS NOT TO BE USED FOR SELF-DIAGNOSIS ONLY A LICENSED VETERINARIAN CAN DIAGNOSE YOUR PET
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Orthopedic
Neurological Conditions
Neurological
Carpal Hyperextension in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Condition where the ligaments that support the wrist (carpus) are overstretched or torn
Causes the wrist joint to collapse downward so the paw sits flat instead of on the toes
Leads to instability, abnormal gait, pain, and potential long-term joint changes
Common Causes
Trauma such as jumping from a height, slipping, or landing awkwardly
Degenerative weakening of ligaments with age
Repetitive stress injuries in working or sporting dogs
Breeds at Risk
Large and giant breeds (e.g., Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds) due to body weight load
Active sporting dogs (e.g., agility, hunting)
Small breeds occasionally after traumatic falls
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: splinting or casting, anti-inflammatories, controlled rest, and gradual return to activity
Surgical options: partial or pancarpal arthrodesis (fusion) if ligament damage is severe or conservative care fails
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise plans to build strength without stressing the fused joint
Gait retraining to improve symmetry and reduce compensatory strain
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy in the early stages to reduce swelling
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and flexibility
Gentle stretching to maintain mobility in joints above and below the carpus
Recovery massage to ease muscle tension from compensatory overuse
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing exercises such as balance discs and underwater treadmill
Core and proximal limb strengthening to reduce strain on the wrist
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track joint range of motion and mobility gains
Progress reports with written updates, photos, or videos
Outcome measures such as pain scores, activity tolerance, and quality of life
Owner involvement through guided home exercise programs
Owner Education
Home exercise instructions tailored for daily routines
Long-term management strategies to protect other joints and maintain mobility
Shoulder Instability in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Occurs when ligaments, tendons, and the joint capsule that stabilize the shoulder are stretched, weakened, or torn
Leads to abnormal joint motion, reduced stability, pain, and lameness
Severity can range from mild looseness to severe instability affecting daily mobility and performance
Common Causes
Repetitive strain from high-impact sports (agility, flyball, hunting)
Traumatic injury such as falls, collisions, or sudden twisting
Degenerative weakening of soft tissues over time
Poor conditioning or muscular imbalance in athletic dogs
Breeds at Risk
Border Collies
Australian Shepherds
Labrador Retrievers
Other medium to large working and sporting breeds
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: activity modification, controlled exercise, shoulder harnesses/braces, anti-inflammatories, and rest
Surgical options: arthroscopy to diagnose and treat soft tissue injury, joint capsule tightening, or tendon augmentation in severe cases
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise programs to restore joint stability
Gait retraining to correct abnormal movement patterns
Gradual return-to-sport conditioning for athletic dogs
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early to reduce inflammation
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and muscle relaxation
Gentle stretching to maintain balanced mobility
Massage to relieve compensatory muscle tension in surrounding areas
Strengthening and Stability
Targeted exercises for rotator cuff and stabilizer muscles (e.g., weight shifting, cavaletti, controlled resistance)
Core and proximal limb strengthening to reduce compensatory load
Underwater treadmill or swimming for safe, resistance-based strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track improvements in shoulder flexion, extension, and abduction
Progress reports with written updates, photos, or videos
Outcome measures including pain levels, activity tolerance, and quality of life
Owner involvement through home exercise programs and education
Owner Education
Guidance on safe activity modification
Long-term conditioning programs
Strategies to prevent reinjury
Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Developmental condition caused by abnormal growth of the elbow joint
Results in mismatched joint surfaces, uneven weight distribution, and cartilage damage
Leads to lameness, stiffness, pain, and progressive osteoarthritis
Common Causes
Genetic predisposition is the primary factor
Rapid growth during puppyhood in large breeds
Nutritional imbalances, such as excessive calories or calcium, contributing to uneven growth
Repetitive stress or overuse during skeletal development
Breeds at Risk
Labrador Retrievers
Golden Retrievers
German Shepherds
Rottweilers
Bernese Mountain Dogs
Other large and giant breeds
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: weight management, controlled exercise, joint supplements, anti-inflammatories, and pain control
Surgical options: removal of bone fragments, corrective osteotomy, or arthroscopy to clean up joint surfaces
Long-term management often required due to risk of osteoarthritis
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled, progressive exercise to restore mobility and strength
Gait retraining to reduce compensatory strain on other joints
Gradual reintroduction to activity while monitoring for lameness
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early to reduce swelling and pain
Heat therapy later to increase circulation and joint flexibility
Gentle stretching to preserve range of motion
Recovery massage to relieve muscle tension in the shoulder, back, and opposite limbs
Strengthening and Stability
Weight-bearing exercises such as controlled walking, sit-to-stand drills, and incline walking
Core strengthening to reduce stress on the elbows
Underwater treadmill or swimming to encourage low-impact strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to monitor elbow flexion and extension improvements
Progress reports with gait analysis, posture photos, and strength tracking
Outcome measures such as lameness scores, endurance, and activity tolerance
Owner involvement with structured home exercise programs and regular progress updates
Owner Education
Importance of weight management to reduce joint stress
Guidance on safe exercise routines to prevent flare-ups
Long-term strategies to manage osteoarthritis and preserve mobility
Biceps Tendinopathy in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Involves inflammation, degeneration, or micro-tearing of the biceps tendon where it passes through the shoulder joint
Can present as biceps tendonitis (inflammation), tendinosis (degeneration), or partial tearing
Leads to front limb lameness, pain with shoulder movement, and decreased performance in athletic dogs
Common Causes
Repetitive overuse in high-impact sports such as agility, flyball, or hunting
Chronic microtrauma to the shoulder tendon during running, jumping, or sudden stops
Acute traumatic injury (less common than repetitive stress)
Poor conditioning or muscle imbalance around the shoulder joint
Breeds at Risk
Border Collies
Labrador Retrievers
Australian Shepherds
Sporting and working dogs that train at high intensity
Large, athletic breeds more often than small breeds
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: activity modification, rest, controlled exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and joint supplements
Rehabilitation therapy: to reduce pain, restore tendon health, and build shoulder stability
Surgical options: considered in severe or chronic cases where conservative care fails, often involving tenotomy or tendon release
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Injury or Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled activity and gradual return to exercise
Gait retraining to normalize movement patterns
Progressive strengthening of the shoulder and core
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy in acute stages to reduce pain and swelling
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and tissue flexibility
Gentle stretching of surrounding musculature to maintain mobility
Massage to reduce muscle tension in the shoulder and forelimb
Strengthening and Stability
Specific exercises to target the biceps and supporting stabilizers of the shoulder
Weight shifting, controlled resistance, and cavaletti work for functional strength
Underwater treadmill or swimming for low-impact strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to monitor improvements in shoulder flexion and extension
Progress reports with photos, gait analysis, and strength updates
Outcome measures including lameness scores, endurance, and activity tolerance
Owner involvement with structured home exercise programs
Owner Education
Guidance on controlled activity to avoid reinjury
Conditioning programs to maintain long-term shoulder health
Strategies for preventing overuse injuries in sporting and active dogs
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the Shoulder in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A developmental orthopedic disease affecting the cartilage of the shoulder joint
Occurs when abnormal cartilage growth causes a flap to separate from the underlying bone
Leads to pain, inflammation, joint incongruity, and early osteoarthritis if untreated
Common Causes
Genetic predisposition is the primary factor
Rapid growth in large-breed puppies
Nutritional imbalances, such as excessive calories or calcium during development
Overexertion or high-impact activity during growth stages
Breeds at Risk
Labrador Retrievers
Golden Retrievers
German Shepherds
Rottweilers
Bernese Mountain Dogs
Other large and giant breed dogs, especially males
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: rest, weight control, anti-inflammatory medications, and joint supplements; rarely effective long term if cartilage flaps remain
Surgical options: arthroscopy or open surgery to remove the cartilage flap and smooth the joint surface
Long-term management often needed to address secondary osteoarthritis
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise programs to restore shoulder mobility and strength
Gait retraining to reduce compensatory loading on the opposite limb
Gradual progression toward normal activity
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy in the early post-op phase to reduce inflammation
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and tissue healing
Gentle stretching to preserve range of motion
Recovery massage to release compensatory tension in surrounding muscles
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing exercises to rebuild shoulder strength
Targeted work for stabilizers and core muscles
Low-impact conditioning with underwater treadmill or swimming
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to monitor shoulder range of motion over time
Progress reports including strength, gait, and postural improvements
Outcome measures such as pain scores, endurance, and activity tolerance
Owner participation through home exercise routines and regular updates
Owner Education
Importance of weight management to minimize joint stress
Guidance on safe exercise and gradual return to activity
Long-term strategies to manage or slow progression of osteoarthritis
Radius and Ulna Fractures in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Breaks in one or both of the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna)
Can range from simple, clean breaks to complex, comminuted fractures
Often cause immediate pain, swelling, and an inability to bear weight on the limb
Common Causes
Falls or jumps from furniture (especially in toy breeds)
Trauma such as being struck by a car
High-energy impacts during activity
Pathologic fractures in cases of weakened bone
Breeds at Risk
Toy breeds (Chihuahuas, Italian Greyhounds, Yorkshire Terriers)
Small and fragile-boned dogs prone to fractures from minor falls
Any breed after high-energy trauma
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: splint or cast in very select, stable fractures (rare in radius/ulna due to poor blood supply)
Surgical repair: plating, pins, or external fixation devices are the most common treatments
Amputation: considered in severe, untreatable fractures or when repair is not possible
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise to restore limb use and prevent disuse atrophy
Gait retraining to normalize movement
Gradual reintroduction to weight-bearing activity
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy initially to control pain and swelling
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and muscle flexibility
Gentle stretching of joints above and below the fracture site to prevent stiffness
Recovery massage to ease tension in compensating muscles
Strengthening and Stability
Weight-bearing exercises introduced once healing is stable
Core and proximal limb strengthening to reduce compensatory strain
Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill) to promote safe, low-impact strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track range of motion in the carpus and elbow
Progress reports documenting gait, posture, and muscle development
Outcome measures including pain scores and functional use of the limb
Owner involvement with structured home care and exercise programs
Owner Education
Importance of strict rest and controlled exercise during early recovery
Guidance on safe handling to avoid reinjury, especially in small dogs
Long-term strategies to protect fragile bones and restore mobility
Osteoarthritis (OA) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A chronic, progressive disease that causes the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone
Leads to pain, stiffness, decreased mobility, and reduced quality of life
Most common orthopedic condition seen in dogs, especially as they age
Common Causes
Wear and tear on joints over time (aging)
Secondary to joint abnormalities such as hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, or cruciate ligament rupture
Trauma to the joint
Excess body weight increasing joint stress
Genetic predisposition in certain breeds
Breeds at Risk
Large and giant breeds: Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers
Dogs with orthopedic conditions (hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, CCL injury)
Senior dogs of any breed
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: weight management, joint supplements, anti-inflammatories, pain medications, and activity modification
Adjunctive therapies: acupuncture, laser therapy, regenerative medicine (stem cells, PRP)
Surgery: joint replacement or arthrodesis in advanced cases, though less common
Role of Rehabilitation
Pain and Mobility Management
Temperature therapies (cold for flare-ups, heat for stiffness)
Recovery massage to ease compensatory muscle tension
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility and joint mobility
Strengthening and Stability
Low-impact exercises to build muscle support around affected joints
Core strengthening to reduce load on painful joints
Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill or swimming) for safe conditioning
Lifestyle and Functional Adjustments
Exercise planning: controlled walks, reduced high-impact play
Environmental modifications: ramps, non-slip flooring, orthopedic bedding
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track changes in joint range of motion
Progress reports with mobility assessments, activity tolerance, and comfort scores
Outcome measures such as lameness grading, endurance, and quality of life indicators
Owner involvement through home exercise programs and daily monitoring
Owner Education
Importance of weight management to reduce stress on joints
Guidance on pacing activity to avoid flare-ups
Long-term strategies to maintain mobility and comfort throughout the dog’s life
Obesity in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A condition where a dog carries excess body fat, typically defined as being more than 10–15% over ideal body weight
Leads to reduced mobility, decreased energy, and strain on joints, muscles, and organs
Considered one of the most common and preventable health problems in dogs
Common Causes
Overfeeding or feeding calorie-dense diets without proper portion control
Lack of regular exercise or physical activity
Genetic predisposition in certain breeds
Hormonal or metabolic conditions such as hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease
Breeds at Risk
Labrador Retrievers
Beagles
Dachshunds
Pugs
Cocker Spaniels
Any breed can develop obesity if diet and exercise are not balanced
Possible Treatments
Nutritional management: veterinary-guided weight-loss diets, portion control, and high-fiber foods
Exercise programs: structured, gradual increases in daily activity
Medical management: identifying and addressing underlying conditions like hypothyroidism
Owner education: understanding body condition scoring and healthy weight goals
Role of Rehabilitation
Weight Management Through Exercise
Controlled walking programs tailored to the dog’s ability
Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill or swimming) for safe, low-impact calorie burning
Gradual increase in duration and intensity as stamina improves
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to ease joint and muscle stiffness caused by excess weight
Gentle stretching to improve mobility and flexibility
Strengthening and Stability
Weight-shifting and core exercises to support overloaded joints
Balance and coordination training to reduce risk of injury
Functional exercises (sit-to-stand drills, incline walking) to build overall strength
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Regular weigh-ins and body condition scoring (BCS)
Progress reports with photos, weight charts, and mobility tracking
Outcome measures including endurance, activity tolerance, and comfort level
Owner involvement with daily home exercise and feeding logs
Owner Education
Importance of portion control and appropriate treats
Guidance on safe exercise routines to avoid overexertion
Long-term strategies to maintain ideal body weight and prevent recurrence
Geriatric Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Age-related loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and reduced strength
Results in difficulty rising, climbing stairs, walking long distances, or maintaining balance
Leads to reduced independence, increased risk of injury, and decreased quality of life
Common Causes
Natural aging and reduced physical activity
Chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia, or spinal disease
Hormonal or metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease)
Prolonged rest or immobility following illness or surgery
Nutritional deficiencies contributing to muscle loss
Breeds at Risk
All breeds are susceptible as they age
Large and giant breeds often show earlier or more rapid decline due to body size
Senior dogs with pre-existing orthopedic or neurologic conditions are at higher risk
Possible Treatments
Medical management: treating underlying conditions contributing to weakness
Nutritional support: senior diets with adequate protein and muscle-supporting nutrients (omega-3s, amino acids)
Lifestyle adjustments: controlled exercise and environmental modifications to reduce slipping or falls
Owner awareness: recognizing early mobility decline and addressing it promptly
Role of Rehabilitation
Mobility and Strength Maintenance
Controlled walking programs tailored to the dog’s stamina
Hydrotherapy for low-impact conditioning
Sit-to-stand drills, incline walking, and balance work to maintain functional strength
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy to loosen stiff muscles and joints
Gentle stretching to preserve range of motion
Massage to improve circulation, relieve soreness, and enhance comfort
Strengthening and Stability
Core strengthening to improve posture and reduce fall risk
Proprioceptive and balance exercises using cushions, wobble boards, or cavaletti poles
Weight-shifting exercises to maintain coordination and stability
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to monitor range of motion in aging joints
Progress reports with mobility scoring, gait analysis, and functional benchmarks
Outcome measures including endurance, rising ability, and quality of life indicators
Owner involvement with simple daily home exercise routines
Owner Education
Importance of maintaining daily activity without overexertion
Environmental modifications such as ramps, non-slip flooring, and supportive bedding
Guidance on nutrition and supplements to support aging muscles
Long-term strategies for preserving independence and comfort
Panosteitis in Dogs (Growing Pains)
Description of the Ailment
A painful inflammatory condition of the long bones, often referred to as “growing pains”
Typically affects young, rapidly growing large-breed dogs
Causes shifting leg lameness, meaning lameness may appear in one leg, resolve, and then occur in another
Usually self-limiting and improves as the dog reaches maturity
Common Causes
Exact cause is not fully understood
Thought to be related to rapid bone growth, genetics, or vascular changes in the bone marrow
Nutritional imbalances (high-calorie or high-protein diets) may contribute in some cases
Breeds at Risk
Large and giant breeds including German Shepherds, Great Danes, Golden Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers
Males are more commonly affected than females
Most often occurs between 5 and 18 months of age
Possible Treatments
Medical management: anti-inflammatories or pain relievers during flare-ups
Lifestyle adjustments: controlled exercise, avoiding strenuous activity during growth phases
Nutritional management: feeding balanced growth diets to avoid rapid weight gain
Role of Rehabilitation
Pain and Mobility Management
Temperature therapy: cold for acute flare-ups, heat for stiffness
Recovery massage to reduce compensatory tension in unaffected limbs
Gentle stretching to maintain mobility without overstressing painful bones
Strengthening and Stability
Controlled, low-impact exercise to maintain muscle strength while protecting bones
Hydrotherapy for safe movement during painful episodes
Balance and core exercises to reduce uneven weight distribution
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Progress reports to monitor changes in lameness and activity tolerance
Outcome measures such as gait analysis, endurance, and quality of life
Owner feedback on flare-up frequency and severity
Owner Education
Explanation that panosteitis is usually temporary and resolves with maturity
Guidance on safe levels of activity during flare-ups
Importance of proper nutrition and weight management to support healthy growth
Strategies for comfort at home, such as padded bedding and slip-resistant flooring
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A developmental bone disease affecting rapidly growing large- and giant-breed puppies
Causes painful swelling of the growth plates (metaphysis) near the ends of long bones, especially in the radius and ulna
Can result in lameness, reluctance to move, fever, and in severe cases systemic illness
Often occurs in young dogs between 2 and 8 months of age
Common Causes
Exact cause is not fully understood
Possible contributing factors include genetics, rapid growth, nutritional imbalances, and immune-mediated responses
Excessive dietary calcium or high-energy diets may play a role in some cases
Breeds at Risk
Great Danes
Weimaraners
Irish Setters
Boxers
Other large and giant breeds during growth spurts
Possible Treatments
Medical management: pain relievers, anti-inflammatories, and supportive care during flare-ups
Nutritional management: balanced growth diets to avoid excessive calorie or calcium intake
Supportive care: IV fluids and hospitalization in severe cases with systemic illness or fever
Many dogs improve once growth slows, but severe cases may cause lasting limb deformities
Role of Rehabilitation
Pain and Mobility Management
Temperature therapy: cold therapy for painful flare-ups, heat therapy later for stiffness
Gentle recovery massage to ease muscle soreness from compensating limbs
Stretching only when comfortable, to prevent secondary tightness
Strengthening and Stability
Controlled, low-impact exercise during remission periods to maintain muscle mass
Hydrotherapy for safe conditioning when joints are painful
Weight-bearing exercises once discomfort improves, avoiding overexertion
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Progress reports to track flare-up frequency, severity, and activity tolerance
Monitoring for long-term consequences such as limb deformities or angular growth abnormalities
Outcome measures including lameness scoring, gait quality, and endurance levels
Owner Education
Explanation that HOD is usually temporary but may cause complications in severe cases
Guidance on diet management to avoid rapid growth and nutritional excesses
Importance of activity restriction during flare-ups and gradual return to exercise afterward
Long-term monitoring for any residual orthopedic issues as the dog matures
Angular Limb Deformities (ALD) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A developmental orthopedic condition where a limb grows with abnormal angulation or rotation
Usually occurs in the forelimbs when one bone in the radius/ulna pair grows more slowly than the other
Leads to bowing, rotation, or twisting of the limb, joint incongruity, lameness, and abnormal gait
May cause long-term pain, arthritis, and reduced mobility if left untreated
Common Causes
Premature closure of a growth plate (often trauma-induced)
Developmental abnormalities during rapid growth
Nutritional imbalances leading to abnormal skeletal development
Genetic predisposition in some breeds
Breeds at Risk
Dachshunds
Basset Hounds
Shih Tzus
Lhasa Apsos
Bulldogs
Large and giant breeds with rapid growth may also be affected
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: monitoring mild deformities that don’t interfere with function
Surgical correction: growth plate surgery in young dogs or corrective osteotomy (bone cutting and realignment) in more severe cases
Long-term management: often required to address arthritis or compensatory issues later in life
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise programs to restore mobility and encourage proper limb use
Gait retraining to reduce compensatory strain and restore normal movement patterns
Gradual return to functional activity under veterinary guidance
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early after surgery or flare-ups to manage pain and swelling
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and reduce stiffness
Gentle stretching of surrounding joints and soft tissues to preserve mobility
Recovery massage to relieve compensatory tension in unaffected limbs
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing exercises tailored to limb alignment and comfort
Core strengthening to improve posture and reduce joint stress
Hydrotherapy for safe, low-impact conditioning
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track joint range of motion around the affected limb
Progress reports including posture, gait, and activity tolerance
Outcome measures such as lameness scores, endurance, and quality of life
Owner involvement with structured home exercise and environmental adjustments
Owner Education
Importance of early detection and monitoring during growth
Guidance on safe activity levels to reduce stress on joints
Long-term strategies to manage arthritis risk and maintain comfort
Explanation that while cosmetic deformities may remain, function and quality of life can often be greatly improved with treatment and rehab
Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) Rupture in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
The cranial cruciate ligament (similar to the ACL in humans) stabilizes the stifle (knee) joint
A rupture or tear causes joint instability, pain, swelling, and lameness
Leads to abnormal movement of the tibia in relation to the femur (“drawer sign”)
If untreated, often results in secondary osteoarthritis and meniscal damage
Common Causes
Degeneration of the ligament over time (most common)
Sudden trauma such as twisting while running or jumping
Overweight dogs placing excess strain on the stifle
Poor conditioning or weak supporting musculature around the joint
Breeds at Risk
Large breeds: Labrador Retrievers, Rottweilers, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers
Small breeds can also be affected, especially if overweight
Middle-aged to older dogs most commonly, but athletic young dogs are also at risk
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: rest, weight management, anti-inflammatories, bracing, and controlled exercise (more successful in small dogs)
Surgical options:
TPLO (Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy)
TTA (Tibial Tuberosity Advancement)
Extracapsular suture stabilization
Surgery is typically recommended for medium and large dogs or active patients
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise programs to gradually restore strength and mobility
Gait retraining to reduce compensatory strain on the opposite limb
Structured return-to-activity protocols based on healing stage
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early to manage swelling and pain
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and joint flexibility
Gentle stretching to prevent stiffness in hip, stifle, and hock
Massage to relieve tension in compensatory muscles
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing exercises (sit-to-stand, controlled walking, incline work)
Core strengthening to reduce strain on the stifle
Hydrotherapy for low-impact conditioning and early strengthening
Balance and proprioceptive exercises to improve joint stability
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track stifle range of motion
Progress reports including muscle girth measurements, gait analysis, and weight-bearing scores
Outcome measures such as lameness grading, endurance, and activity tolerance
Owner involvement with home exercise programs tailored to each recovery stage
Owner Education
Importance of strict rest and gradual exercise progression after injury or surgery
Guidance on weight management to reduce joint stress
Long-term strategies to protect the opposite stifle, which is at higher risk of rupture
Explanation that many dogs regain excellent mobility with surgery and proper rehab
Patellar Luxation in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A condition where the kneecap (patella) slips out of its normal groove in the femur
Can be classified from Grade I (mild, intermittent luxation) to Grade IV (permanent dislocation)
Leads to intermittent skipping lameness, abnormal gait, or in severe cases permanent deformity and arthritis
Common Causes
Congenital malformation of the femur, tibia, or soft tissues around the knee (most common)
Trauma to the stifle that disrupts the patellar groove
Muscle imbalance or poor limb alignment that predisposes the patella to slip
Breeds at Risk
Toy and small breeds such as Chihuahuas, Yorkshire Terriers, Pomeranians, and Poodles
Medium and large breeds can also be affected, especially with poor hind limb alignment
Can present in puppies or develop later in life
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: weight control, strengthening exercises, joint supplements, and pain medications for mild cases
Surgical options (recommended for Grades II–IV or symptomatic cases):
Deepening of the patellar groove (trochleoplasty)
Realignment of the tibial tuberosity
Soft tissue tightening or release to stabilize the patella
Goal of surgery is to restore normal tracking of the kneecap and reduce long-term arthritis
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise progression to restore stifle strength and stability
Gait retraining to normalize movement and prevent compensatory strain
Gradual return-to-activity protocols tailored to surgical repair
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy in the early stages to control swelling and pain
Heat therapy later to encourage circulation and tissue healing
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility in the hip, stifle, and hock
Massage to relieve tension in compensatory muscles
Strengthening and Stability
Targeted quadriceps and hamstring strengthening exercises (sit-to-stand, incline walking)
Core and hind limb stability work to improve tracking of the kneecap
Hydrotherapy for safe, low-impact strengthening and early weight-bearing
Balance and proprioceptive training (wobble boards, cavaletti) to reinforce joint stability
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to monitor stifle range of motion
Progress reports including gait quality, muscle girth, and weight-bearing ability
Outcome measures such as lameness scoring, endurance, and activity tolerance
Owner involvement with structured home exercise plans and feedback
Owner Education
Importance of maintaining a healthy weight to reduce stifle stress
Guidance on controlled exercise and safe activity to prevent reinjury
Long-term monitoring for recurrence or development of arthritis
Explanation that prognosis is excellent for many dogs with surgery and rehab, though mild cases may remain manageable without surgery
Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A developmental condition where the hip joint does not form properly, leading to looseness (laxity) of the ball-and-socket joint
Over time, the instability causes cartilage wear, pain, inflammation, and arthritis
Severity ranges from mild laxity with little discomfort to severe degenerative joint disease with significant mobility issues
Common Causes
Genetic predisposition is the primary factor
Rapid growth and excessive weight during puppyhood
Poor muscle development or imbalance around the hip joint
Secondary arthritis from long-term joint instability
Breeds at Risk
Large and giant breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, Rottweilers, and Great Danes
Can also occur in medium breeds and occasionally small breeds
Signs typically appear in young adulthood but may also worsen with age
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: weight control, joint supplements, anti-inflammatory medications, controlled exercise, and pain management
Surgical options:
Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis or double/triple pelvic osteotomy (DPO/TPO) in young dogs before arthritis develops
Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) to remove the femoral head in small to medium dogs
Total Hip Replacement (THR) for severe cases in larger dogs
Lifelong management often required due to progressive arthritis
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled exercise to restore mobility and function after FHO or THR
Gait retraining to correct abnormal movement patterns and reduce compensatory strain
Gradual strengthening programs to rebuild hip stability
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy during painful flare-ups to reduce inflammation
Heat therapy later to increase circulation and ease stiffness
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility of hip, stifle, and spine
Massage to relieve compensatory muscle tension in the back and opposite limbs
Strengthening and Stability
Core strengthening to stabilize the pelvis and reduce hip strain
Progressive weight-bearing exercises (sit-to-stand, incline walking, figure-8s)
Hydrotherapy for safe, low-impact strengthening and conditioning
Proprioceptive and balance exercises to improve joint stability and coordination
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track hip extension and flexion improvements
Progress reports with gait analysis, muscle mass measurements, and lameness scoring
Outcome measures such as endurance, activity tolerance, and quality of life assessments
Owner involvement with structured home exercise programs
Owner Education
Importance of weight management to reduce stress on the hips
Guidance on safe exercise routines and activity modification
Long-term strategies to manage arthritis and maintain mobility throughout life
Education that with proper management, many dogs live active, comfortable lives
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A developmental condition where the blood supply to the femoral head (ball of the hip joint) is disrupted
Leads to degeneration, collapse, and deformity of the femoral head
Causes hip pain, lameness, and muscle atrophy in the hind limb
Most commonly diagnosed in young, small-breed dogs between 4 and 12 months of age
Common Causes
Exact cause is unknown but thought to be related to genetic and vascular abnormalities
Results in avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply) to the femoral head
Developmental in nature, not usually caused by trauma or diet
Breeds at Risk
Toy and small breeds, including Yorkshire Terriers, Poodles, West Highland White Terriers, and Miniature Pinschers
Often occurs in one hip, but can affect both
Rare in large breeds
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: rest, pain relief, and restricted activity in very mild cases (often unsuccessful long-term)
Surgical options:
Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO): removal of the femoral head to create a “false joint”
Total Hip Replacement (THR): less common in small breeds, but an option for severe cases
Post-surgical rehabilitation is critical to restoring function and comfort
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical Recovery
Controlled activity and gradual reintroduction to weight-bearing
Gait retraining to normalize hip function and reduce compensatory issues
Range of motion exercises to prevent stiffness
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy in the early post-op stage to reduce pain and inflammation
Heat therapy later to encourage circulation and healing
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility in the hip and surrounding joints
Massage to reduce compensatory muscle tension in the lower back and opposite limb
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing exercises to build muscle mass and hip strength
Sit-to-stand drills, incline walking, and balance training for stability
Hydrotherapy to encourage safe, low-impact strengthening and early use of the limb
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track improvements in hip range of motion
Progress reports with gait analysis, muscle mass evaluation, and strength benchmarks
Outcome measures such as lameness scores, endurance, and quality of life
Owner involvement with structured home exercise programs to maximize surgical outcomes
Owner Education
Importance of following strict post-surgical instructions for best recovery
Guidance on maintaining long-term mobility through exercise and weight management
Explanation that many dogs regain excellent function and pain-free mobility after proper treatment and rehab
Pelvic Fractures in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Breaks in one or more of the bones forming the pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis, or acetabulum)
Often involve multiple fracture sites because of the pelvis’ ring structure
Can cause severe pain, lameness, difficulty standing, or inability to walk
May be accompanied by nerve injury or internal organ trauma due to the pelvis’ location
Common Causes
Major trauma such as being hit by a car (most common)
Falls from significant height
Crushing injuries
Occasionally seen with pathologic bone weakening from disease
Breeds at Risk
Any breed or size can be affected — risk depends on exposure to trauma rather than genetics
Outdoor and high-energy dogs more frequently sustain pelvic fractures
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: strict rest and confinement if fractures are stable and don’t involve the hip socket (acetabulum)
Surgical repair: plates, screws, or pins to stabilize unstable fractures, especially when the acetabulum or weight-bearing areas are involved
Supportive care: pain management, bladder/bowel support if nerve injury is present, and monitoring for complications
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical or Post-Immobilization Recovery
Controlled activity to gradually restore strength and mobility
Gait retraining to normalize movement and reduce compensatory strain
Progressive return to function under veterinary guidance
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early to manage pain and swelling
Heat therapy later to increase circulation and reduce stiffness
Gentle stretching of hip, stifle, and spine to maintain flexibility
Recovery massage to relieve muscle tightness in surrounding regions
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing and core strengthening exercises
Balance and proprioceptive training to restore coordination
Hydrotherapy for safe, low-impact strengthening during early recovery
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to monitor hip and stifle range of motion
Progress reports with gait analysis, posture photos, and strength tracking
Outcome measures including lameness scores, activity tolerance, and quality of life assessments
Owner involvement through home exercise plans and close monitoring of progress
Owner Education
Importance of strict rest early in recovery to allow proper bone healing
Guidance on safe handling and mobility support (slings, harnesses)
Long-term management strategies to reduce arthritis risk in affected joints
Education that many dogs regain good mobility with proper treatment and rehab, though severe fractures may carry long-term limitations
Femur and Tibia/Fibula Fractures in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Breaks in the long bones of the rear limb: the femur (thigh bone) or tibia/fibula (lower leg bones)
Fractures may be simple, comminuted (shattered), open (bone through skin), or closed
Cause acute pain, swelling, and lameness, often preventing weight-bearing on the limb
Can lead to long-term complications without proper treatment and rehabilitation
Common Causes
Trauma such as being hit by a car (most common)
Falls from significant height or high-energy impact during play
Twisting injuries (less common)
Pathologic fractures from bone weakening due to disease or cancer
Breeds at Risk
Any breed or size can sustain these fractures depending on trauma exposure
Young, active dogs may be more likely due to high activity levels
Toy breeds may experience fractures even with lower-impact injuries due to delicate bone structure
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: rare, used only for select, stable fractures in young puppies
Surgical repair: most common treatment, using plates, screws, pins, or external fixation devices to stabilize the bone
Amputation: considered in severe, non-repairable fractures or when financial or health limitations prevent surgery
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical or Post-Immobilization Recovery
Controlled, progressive exercise to restore safe weight-bearing
Gait retraining to normalize stride and prevent compensatory strain on the opposite limb
Gradual reintroduction to normal activity under veterinary guidance
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early to reduce swelling and pain at the surgical site
Heat therapy later to improve circulation and promote soft tissue healing
Gentle stretching of joints above and below the fracture site to prevent stiffness
Recovery massage to relieve tension in compensating muscles
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing exercises once cleared by the veterinarian
Core strengthening and hind limb stability work to support functional mobility
Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill or swimming) for safe, low-impact strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Goniometry to track range of motion in hip, stifle, and hock joints
Progress reports with gait analysis, posture photos, and strength assessments
Outcome measures such as weight-bearing scores, activity tolerance, and quality of life
Owner involvement through guided home exercise programs and monitoring
Owner Education
Importance of strict rest early in recovery for proper bone healing
Safe handling strategies (slings, controlled leash walks) during rehabilitation
Long-term monitoring for arthritis or mobility changes at the fracture site
Education that most dogs regain excellent mobility with surgery and structured rehab, though recovery time can be several months
Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A condition where the discs between the vertebrae of the spine degenerate and bulge or rupture
Herniated discs compress the spinal cord and nerves, causing pain, weakness, or paralysis
Severity can range from mild back pain to complete loss of mobility and bladder control
IVDD is one of the most common neurologic disorders in dogs
Common Causes
Genetic predisposition in chondrodystrophic breeds (dogs with short legs and long backs)
Disc degeneration due to age or chronic wear and tear
Sudden trauma, twisting, or jumping that causes disc rupture
Obesity increasing stress on spinal structures
Breeds at Risk
Dachshunds
French Bulldogs
Beagles
Cocker Spaniels
Shih Tzus
Can occur in any breed, but especially common in chondrodystrophic and small breeds
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: strict rest, pain management, anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants, and controlled activity
Surgical options: hemilaminectomy or other decompression surgery to relieve spinal cord pressure, especially in severe or recurrent cases
Supportive care: bladder management and nursing care in paralyzed dogs
Prognosis depends on severity and speed of treatment — early intervention is critical
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical or Conservative Recovery
Controlled mobility programs to safely reintroduce movement
Assisted standing and walking exercises to rebuild function
Gait retraining to normalize stride and reduce compensatory strain
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early to reduce pain and inflammation
Heat therapy later to promote circulation and reduce stiffness
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility in unaffected limbs
Massage to relieve compensatory tension in the back and legs
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive weight-bearing and core strengthening to support the spine
Proprioceptive and balance exercises (cavaletti, wobble boards) for coordination
Hydrotherapy for safe, buoyant-assisted walking during recovery
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Neurologic exams to monitor reflexes, proprioception, and pain sensation
Progress reports with mobility scoring, gait analysis, and owner observations
Outcome measures such as ability to rise, walk, bladder function, and quality of life
Owner involvement with at-home exercises, mobility aids, and daily monitoring
Owner Education
Importance of rest during acute phases and strict adherence to recovery plans
Guidance on safe handling to protect the spine (no stairs, ramps instead of jumping)
Long-term strategies to manage weight, prevent reinjury, and protect spinal health
Education that while IVDD can be life-changing, many dogs regain mobility and quality of life with proper treatment and rehab
Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A progressive, non-painful spinal cord disease similar to ALS in humans
Causes gradual loss of coordination (ataxia), weakness, and eventual paralysis of the hind limbs
Typically appears in middle-aged to older dogs, progressing over months to years
Not curable, but rehabilitation helps maintain mobility and quality of life
Common Causes
Genetic mutation in the SOD1 gene is strongly associated with DM
Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in several breeds
Disease progression is unrelated to injury or trauma
Diagnosis is often made by ruling out other neurologic conditions
Breeds at Risk
German Shepherds
Pembroke Welsh Corgis
Boxers
Chesapeake Bay Retrievers
Standard Poodles
Can occur in other breeds, especially large or medium breeds, if carrying the genetic mutation
Possible Treatments
No cure currently exists for DM
Medical management: supportive care for secondary conditions (incontinence, sores, arthritis)
Genetic testing: can identify carriers and at-risk dogs before breeding
Rehabilitation therapy: mainstay of treatment to prolong mobility and independence
Role of Rehabilitation
Mobility and Function Preservation
Controlled exercise programs to maintain strength and coordination as long as possible
Gait retraining and assisted walking to support safe mobility
Use of harnesses, slings, or carts when hind limb function declines
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to ease stiffness in compensating muscles
Gentle stretching to maintain range of motion and reduce contracture risk
Focused comfort measures since DM is not a painful disease itself
Strengthening and Stability
Low-impact strengthening exercises to maintain core and limb function
Hydrotherapy to provide safe, resistance-based exercise with buoyancy support
Proprioceptive and balance training to slow decline in coordination
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Regular neurologic assessments to track disease progression
Progress reports documenting strength, mobility, and independence
Outcome measures such as gait stability, endurance, and quality of life indicators
Owner involvement in monitoring function and providing daily assisted exercise
Owner Education
Explanation that DM is progressive and not curable, but quality of life can remain high with support
Guidance on mobility aids (slings, carts, supportive harnesses)
Strategies for home modification (ramps, non-slip flooring, padded bedding)
Education on long-term management of secondary issues (urinary incontinence, pressure sores, caregiver fatigue)
Fibrocartilaginous Embolism (FCE) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A sudden spinal cord injury caused by a fragment of disc material or cartilage blocking blood supply to the spinal cord
Results in acute, often one-sided weakness or paralysis
Non-progressive after the initial event — the damage is done instantly, and then recovery depends on spinal cord healing
Not typically painful after the first few hours, which helps distinguish it from IVDD
Common Causes
Exact cause is not fully understood
Believed to occur when fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disc enters spinal blood vessels
Often triggered by vigorous activity, jumping, or twisting motions
Occurs more often in large, active dogs but can affect any breed
Breeds at Risk
Large and giant breeds such as Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds
Sporting and working dogs due to high activity levels
Miniature Schnauzers and Shetland Sheepdogs are also reported at higher risk
Typically occurs in young to middle-aged adults
Possible Treatments
No surgical correction available — treatment is supportive and rehabilitative
Medical management: pain control if needed early on, bladder/bowel support if function is lost
Rehabilitation therapy: mainstay of care to encourage spinal cord recovery and restore mobility
Role of Rehabilitation
Early Supportive Care
Assisted standing, weight-shifting, and passive range-of-motion exercises to prevent stiffness
Bladder expression training or support if urinary function is impaired
Skin and joint protection to avoid pressure sores
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to ease muscle tension in compensating areas
Gentle stretching of affected limbs to preserve range of motion
Comfort-focused care since FCE is not typically painful after onset
Strengthening and Stability
Progressive strengthening exercises tailored to the dog’s abilities
Proprioceptive training to rebuild paw placement and coordination
Hydrotherapy to support weight and encourage neurologic recovery in a safe, controlled environment
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Regular neurologic exams to monitor return of reflexes and function
Progress reports with gait analysis, strength tracking, and mobility scoring
Outcome measures including weight-bearing ability, coordination, and activity tolerance
Owner involvement through daily assisted exercise and home monitoring
Owner Education
Explanation that FCE is a one-time, non-progressive event (unlike degenerative myelopathy)
Guidance on home modifications to assist mobility and prevent falls
Realistic expectations: recovery can be partial or complete, depending on severity and location of the embolism
Emphasis on the importance of early and consistent rehabilitation for the best outcome
Wobbler Syndrome (Cervical Spondylomyelopathy) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A neurologic condition caused by compression of the spinal cord and nerves in the neck (cervical spine)
Results from malformation of vertebrae, intervertebral disc disease, or ligament thickening in the neck
Causes a characteristic “wobbly” gait, especially in the hind limbs, and can progress to weakness or paralysis
Often chronic and progressive, but treatment and rehab can slow progression and improve function
Common Causes
Genetic and developmental factors affecting cervical vertebrae alignment
Intervertebral disc herniation in the neck region
Thickening of ligaments or instability of vertebrae that narrows the spinal canal
Typically develops gradually but may worsen suddenly with activity
Breeds at Risk
Large and giant breeds, particularly Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes
Other predisposed breeds include Mastiffs, Rottweilers, and Weimaraners
Usually occurs in middle-aged to older large-breed dogs, but younger Great Danes may develop it earlier
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: rest, anti-inflammatories, pain management, controlled exercise, and neck support
Surgical options: spinal decompression and/or stabilization procedures, though recurrence is possible
Lifelong management: even with treatment, many dogs require ongoing rehab and activity modifications
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical or Conservative Recovery
Controlled activity to prevent sudden worsening while promoting mobility
Assisted walking and gait retraining to normalize stride and reduce stumbling
Progressive return to function under veterinary guidance
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy to reduce stiffness in the neck and surrounding muscles
Gentle massage to relieve compensatory tension in the shoulders, spine, and limbs
Stretching only as tolerated to maintain mobility without stressing the neck
Strengthening and Stability
Core strengthening to improve posture and spinal support
Proprioceptive training (cavaletti poles, balance work) to reduce stumbling
Hydrotherapy to provide safe, buoyant-assisted walking and resistance strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Neurologic exams to monitor reflexes, paw placement, and coordination
Progress reports with gait analysis, posture assessment, and strength tracking
Outcome measures including activity tolerance, mobility independence, and quality of life
Owner involvement with at-home balance and strengthening exercises as prescribed
Owner Education
Importance of avoiding high-impact activity or rough play that could worsen spinal compression
Use of supportive harnesses instead of neck collars to reduce strain
Guidance on weight management to decrease spinal loading
Realistic expectations: some dogs stabilize well with treatment and rehab, while others experience gradual progression despite care
Lumbosacral Disease (Cauda Equina Syndrome) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A neurologic and orthopedic condition caused by compression of the nerves at the lumbosacral junction (where the spine meets the pelvis)
Also known as degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS)
Leads to pain, hind limb weakness, difficulty rising, reluctance to jump, and sometimes urinary or fecal incontinence
Often chronic and progressive if untreated
Common Causes
Degenerative changes in the lumbosacral spine, such as disc herniation or ligament thickening
Narrowing of the spinal canal (stenosis) from arthritis or spondylosis
Trauma or repetitive stress (common in working dogs)
Can worsen with obesity, aging, or high-impact activity
Breeds at Risk
Large and working breeds, especially German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and Belgian Malinois
Middle-aged to older dogs are most commonly affected
Dogs involved in high-impact activities (police, military, agility) may be predisposed
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: weight control, rest, pain management, and anti-inflammatories
Surgical options: decompression surgery to relieve nerve pressure, sometimes with stabilization procedures
Rehabilitation therapy: critical for both conservative and post-surgical cases to restore strength and mobility
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical or Conservative Recovery
Controlled exercise to restore hind limb use and reduce compensatory strain
Gait retraining to improve stride and reduce stumbling or dragging of hind paws
Gradual progression back to functional activity
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Cold therapy early for pain relief after flare-ups or surgery
Heat therapy later to reduce stiffness and promote circulation
Gentle stretching of hips, stifles, and spine to preserve mobility
Massage to relieve tension in the lower back and compensating muscles
Strengthening and Stability
Hind limb and core strengthening (sit-to-stand drills, incline walking, cavaletti work)
Proprioceptive and balance training to improve coordination and stability
Hydrotherapy to allow safe, buoyant-assisted strengthening without overloading the spine
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Neurologic and orthopedic exams to monitor pain, reflexes, and proprioception
Goniometry and strength tracking in hips and stifles
Progress reports including gait analysis, mobility scores, and quality-of-life measures
Owner involvement in daily home exercises and activity monitoring
Owner Education
Importance of weight management to reduce stress on the lumbosacral region
Guidance on activity modification: avoiding jumping, twisting, and slippery floors
Long-term strategies to manage flare-ups and maintain comfort
Education that while some cases require surgery, many dogs improve significantly with rehab and lifestyle adjustments
Atlantoaxial Instability (AAI) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A condition where the first two cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis) are unstable
Instability allows excessive movement, which compresses the spinal cord in the neck
Signs range from neck pain and mild weakness to sudden paralysis or even death if severe spinal cord injury occurs
Most often seen in toy breeds and young dogs
Common Causes
Congenital malformation: underdeveloped dens (small bony projection of the axis), ligament defects, or abnormal bone shape
Trauma: falls or sudden impacts can trigger instability in predisposed dogs
Genetic predisposition suspected in certain toy breeds
Breeds at Risk
Yorkshire Terriers
Chihuahuas
Pomeranians
Toy Poodles
Papillons
Other toy breeds with fragile neck structures
Usually diagnosed in puppies or young adults, but can appear later if trauma is involved
Possible Treatments
Conservative management: strict rest, neck bracing, pain relief; may stabilize mild cases but carries risk of recurrence
Surgical stabilization: fusing the atlas and axis to prevent movement; provides best long-term outcome in severe or unstable cases
Rehabilitation therapy: essential for recovery after surgery and for supportive care in non-surgical cases
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Surgical or Conservative Recovery
Controlled activity with strict limitations during healing phase
Assisted walking and mobility support to reduce falls and further neck injury
Gait retraining once stability improves
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and gentle massage for compensatory muscle tightness in the shoulders and back
Stretching avoided in the neck region due to instability; focus on gentle, safe flexibility work in other areas
Comfort care for tense or sore muscles from abnormal posture
Strengthening and Stability
Core strengthening to support posture and spinal stability
Balance and proprioceptive training tailored to safe movements
Hydrotherapy for buoyant-assisted walking without stressing the cervical spine
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Neurologic exams to monitor coordination, strength, and reflexes
Progress reports with gait analysis, posture tracking, and functional scoring
Outcome measures such as stability, activity tolerance, and quality of life
Owner involvement with safe home activity and mobility monitoring
Owner Education
Emphasis on neck safety: avoid collars, use harnesses only
Strict activity restriction during recovery, with gradual return under guidance
Awareness that recurrence or worsening signs can occur without surgery
Education that many surgically treated dogs return to good function with proper rehab and careful long-term management
Brain & Cerebellar Disorders in Dogs
Vestibular Disease in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A disorder of the vestibular system, which controls balance and spatial orientation
Causes sudden loss of balance, head tilt, circling, unsteady gait, and abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
Often dramatic in appearance but not always life-threatening
Can be peripheral (inner ear/nerve-related) or central (brain-related)
Common Causes
Idiopathic Vestibular Disease (also called “Old Dog Vestibular Disease”) — most common, cause unknown
Inner ear infections
Inflammatory or immune-mediated disease
Brainstem disease (tumors, stroke, encephalitis)
Trauma or toxin exposure
Breeds at Risk
Older dogs of any breed are at higher risk for idiopathic vestibular disease
Cocker Spaniels and Beagles may be predisposed to middle/inner ear disease that causes vestibular signs
Any breed can be affected depending on the underlying cause
Possible Treatments
Idiopathic cases often improve on their own over days to weeks with supportive care
Medical management: anti-nausea drugs, antibiotics for ear infections, or steroids/immune suppression for inflammatory causes
Surgical options: possible if ear tumors or polyps are present
Rehab is not a cure but greatly improves recovery of balance and mobility
Role of Rehabilitation
Supportive Recovery
Assisted standing and walking during early stages to prevent falls
Use of harnesses, slings, or environmental supports for safety
Controlled mobility to maintain strength while balance recovers
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and gentle massage to reduce muscle tension from head tilt or abnormal posture
Stretching to maintain flexibility in the neck and spine
Comfort-focused care as the vestibular system stabilizes
Strengthening and Stability
Balance and proprioceptive training (cavaletti poles, wobble cushions, uneven surfaces)
Core strengthening to improve posture and coordination
Hydrotherapy for safe, buoyant-assisted walking while balance is impaired
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Regular neurologic exams to track head tilt, eye movement, and balance improvements
Progress reports documenting gait stability, posture, and confidence
Outcome measures such as mobility independence, endurance, and quality of life
Owner involvement through home safety modifications and simple stability exercises
Owner Education
Explanation that vestibular disease often looks worse than it is, and recovery is possible in many cases
Guidance on home safety (non-slip surfaces, blocked stairs, supportive harnesses)
Importance of monitoring for improvement — central causes may progress, while idiopathic cases improve
Education that some dogs may be left with a mild permanent head tilt but live comfortably
Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Can cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, drooling, paddling, or twitching
Epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures without another identifiable underlying disease
Seizures vary in severity: some are brief and mild, others prolonged and life-threatening
Common Causes
Idiopathic epilepsy (genetic predisposition, most common cause in young to middle-aged dogs)
Brain tumors, trauma, or strokes
Metabolic conditions (liver disease, kidney disease, low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances)
Infectious or inflammatory brain diseases (meningoencephalitis)
Toxin exposure (certain medications, plants, or household products)
Breeds at Risk
Border Collies, Australian Shepherds, Belgian Tervurens, and German Shepherds are predisposed to idiopathic epilepsy
Beagles, Dachshunds, Labrador Retrievers, and Golden Retrievers also show higher rates
Any breed can develop seizures secondary to other conditions
Possible Treatments
Medical management: anti-seizure medications (phenobarbital, potassium bromide, levetiracetam, etc.) prescribed by a veterinarian
Lifestyle adjustments: avoiding triggers such as stress, toxins, or sleep deprivation
Surgical or advanced care: rarely, surgery or specialty care may be needed if tumors or other structural brain diseases are identified
Rehab does not treat seizures directly, but supports strength, coordination, and quality of life between episodes
Role of Rehabilitation
Post-Seizure Support
Gentle activity and controlled mobility once the dog is stable
Balance and coordination exercises if repeated seizures cause weakness or stumbling
Assisted walking and low-impact exercise during recovery periods
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to ease post-ictal (after seizure) muscle soreness
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility and reduce stiffness
Comfort-focused care for anxious or disoriented dogs
Strengthening and Stability
Low-impact strengthening exercises to maintain conditioning if seizures limit activity
Hydrotherapy for safe movement in dogs with coordination challenges
Core strengthening to reduce fall risk and improve stability
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Progress reports focusing on mobility, coordination, and exercise tolerance between seizure episodes
Outcome measures such as activity endurance, comfort level, and quality of life
Close communication with the veterinary neurologist to coordinate care
Owner involvement with seizure logs, noting frequency, duration, and triggers
Owner Education
Guidance on what to do during a seizure (stay calm, keep dog safe, do not put hands near mouth)
Importance of consistent medication routines and veterinary follow-up
Environmental safety tips (non-slip flooring, blocked stairs) for dogs with post-ictal weakness
Education that epilepsy can often be managed successfully, and many dogs live full, active lives with proper care
Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A hereditary, degenerative condition where neurons in the cerebellum gradually die off
The cerebellum controls coordination, balance, and fine motor skills
Dogs remain alert and mentally normal, but develop worsening ataxia (loss of coordination)
Symptoms usually begin in puppies or young adults and progress over time
Common Causes
Inherited genetic defect leading to cerebellar neuron degeneration
Passed down in certain breeds through recessive genes
No link to trauma, diet, or environment — it is purely genetic
Breeds at Risk
Kerry Blue Terriers, Gordon Setters, Border Collies, Australian Kelpies
Rough Collies, Samoyeds, and Labrador Retrievers have also been reported
Can occur in other breeds and mixed breeds with genetic predisposition
Possible Treatments
No cure — condition is progressive and irreversible
Medical management: limited to supportive care (there are no effective medications to halt progression)
Rehabilitation therapy: helps improve balance, coordination, and confidence
Long-term care focuses on maintaining independence and quality of life as the disease advances
Role of Rehabilitation
Mobility and Balance Support
Assisted walking to reduce fall risk as coordination worsens
Controlled exercise programs to maintain muscle strength
Use of harnesses and mobility aids to promote independence
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to relieve compensatory muscle tension
Gentle stretching to preserve range of motion
Comfort-focused care for dogs struggling with abnormal posture or movements
Strengthening and Stability
Balance and proprioceptive exercises (cavaletti poles, wobble cushions) adjusted to the dog’s ability
Hydrotherapy for safe practice of coordinated movement in buoyancy-supported conditions
Core strengthening to improve posture and slow decline in stability
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Progress reports documenting coordination, balance, and independence
Outcome measures such as frequency of falls, gait quality, and ability to perform daily activities
Owner involvement in tracking functional changes at home
Owner Education
Explanation that the disease is progressive and not curable, but dogs remain mentally alert
Guidance on home modifications: non-slip flooring, blocked stairs, and padded bedding
Training owners to use supportive harnesses and mobility aids safely
Emphasis on maintaining quality of life and focusing on comfort and confidence
Cerebellar Hypoplasia (CH) in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
A developmental condition where the cerebellum fails to fully form during gestation
Results in lifelong issues with balance, coordination, and fine motor control
Unlike cerebellar abiotrophy, it is non-progressive — symptoms do not worsen over time
Dogs remain bright, alert, and interactive but appear clumsy or “wobbly”
Common Causes
Genetic inheritance in certain breeds
Viral infections (such as canine parvovirus) affecting the dam during pregnancy
Toxins or trauma in utero that disrupt cerebellar development
Breeds at Risk
Chow Chows, Wire Fox Terriers, Airedale Terriers, Bull Terriers, and Irish Setters reported
Can occur in other breeds or mixed breeds if caused by in-utero infection or developmental disruption
Usually identified in puppies once they begin to walk
Possible Treatments
No cure — the underdeveloped cerebellum cannot regenerate
Rehabilitation therapy: helps improve coordination, balance, and confidence in daily life
Supportive care: environmental modification and owner education are critical
Many dogs adapt well and can live normal lifespans with good quality of life
Role of Rehabilitation
Mobility and Balance Support
Assisted walking and controlled exercises to practice safe mobility
Confidence-building activities that allow dogs to explore movement without injury risk
Harnesses or slings for added support during play and exercise
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to relax muscles after clumsy or uncoordinated movement
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility in joints and muscles stressed by abnormal gait
Comfort care to ease secondary tension or stiffness
Strengthening and Stability
Proprioceptive exercises (cavaletti poles, balance pads) tailored to ability
Core strengthening to improve posture and control
Hydrotherapy for buoyant-assisted movement and safe strengthening
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Progress reports documenting coordination, independence, and quality of life
Outcome measures such as frequency of falls, gait stability, and activity participation
Owner involvement in monitoring progress and adjusting activities as needed
Owner Education
Explanation that CH is lifelong but not progressive — dogs will not worsen over time
Guidance on creating a safe home: non-slip flooring, ramps, padded play areas
Training owners to use supportive devices if needed
Emphasis that CH dogs can live happy, fulfilling lives with proper support
Other Neurological Conditions
Peripheral Neuropathies in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Peripheral neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Leads to weakness, reduced reflexes, abnormal gait, or loss of sensation in the affected limbs
Can affect a single nerve, multiple nerves, or generalized peripheral nerve function
Severity ranges from mild weakness to significant mobility loss
Common Causes
Metabolic disease: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism
Immune-mediated or inflammatory disease: polyradiculoneuritis (“coonhound paralysis”), autoimmune polyneuropathy
Trauma: nerve injury from accidents, surgery, or pressure (e.g., radial nerve paralysis after limb entrapment)
Infectious disease: tick-borne diseases, distemper
Genetic disorders: inherited neuropathies in certain breeds
Toxins: exposure to certain drugs or chemicals that damage nerves
Breeds at Risk
Any breed can develop neuropathy depending on underlying cause
Inherited forms seen in breeds such as Alaskan Malamutes, Leonbergers, and Rottweilers
Coonhound paralysis is more common in hunting breeds exposed to raccoons
Diabetic neuropathy more common in older or overweight dogs
Possible Treatments
Treatment depends on cause: managing diabetes, thyroid disease, or infections can improve neuropathy
Medical management: pain relief, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive therapies
Surgical care: occasionally needed if nerve damage is due to trauma or compression
Rehabilitation therapy: helps maintain strength, mobility, and quality of life regardless of cause
Role of Rehabilitation
Mobility and Function Support
Assisted walking and controlled exercises to preserve strength
Harnesses, slings, or carts for mobility assistance when weakness is severe
Gait retraining to maximize function and reduce compensatory strain
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy and massage to relieve compensatory muscle tension
Gentle stretching to prevent contractures and maintain flexibility
Comfort-focused care, especially in chronic or progressive cases
Strengthening and Stability
Targeted strengthening exercises for weakened limbs
Proprioceptive training (paw placement, balance boards) to improve awareness
Hydrotherapy for safe, buoyant-assisted exercise with reduced joint load
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Neurologic exams to track reflexes, proprioception, and sensory function
Progress reports documenting strength, coordination, and independence
Outcome measures such as mobility scoring, weight-bearing ability, and quality of life
Owner involvement with at-home assisted exercises and safety monitoring
Owner Education
Explanation that prognosis depends on the underlying cause — some improve, others are chronic
Importance of diagnosing and treating underlying medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypothyroidism)
Guidance on home safety: non-slip floors, ramps, padded bedding, mobility aids
Long-term strategies to preserve independence and prevent secondary injuries from falls
Swimmer Puppy Syndrome (Flat Puppy Syndrome)
Description of the Ailment
A developmental condition seen in newborn puppies where they cannot stand and instead lie flat with limbs splayed outward
Puppies appear to “paddle” or “swim” across the floor instead of walking
Caused by weakness in the muscles and delayed neurological development
If untreated, can lead to permanent deformities of the chest or limbs and difficulty standing or walking
Common Causes
Exact cause not fully understood; thought to be multifactorial
Genetic predisposition in some lines
Environmental factors such as slippery flooring in the whelping box
Overfeeding leading to rapid weight gain in early life
Delayed neurological or muscular development
Breeds at Risk
Can occur in any breed, but more commonly reported in Bulldogs and other broad-chested breeds
Seen in very young puppies (2–3 weeks of age) during early developmental stages
Not typically related to adult size or breed predispositions
Possible Treatments
Early intervention is critical for best outcomes
Environmental changes: providing non-slip flooring and proper bedding
Physical therapy: daily assisted standing, stretching, and range-of-motion exercises
Splints or hobbles: may be used to reposition limbs closer to the body
Nutritional management: ensuring puppies are not overfed and remain at healthy weight
Many puppies recover fully with appropriate care and rehab
Role of Rehabilitation
Early Physical Therapy
Assisted standing and weight-bearing exercises multiple times daily
Range-of-motion exercises to maintain joint flexibility
Guided crawling or walking exercises on textured surfaces to encourage proper limb use
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Gentle massage to stimulate muscle activity and improve circulation
Stretching exercises to reduce limb contractures or stiffness
Warm environments to keep muscles relaxed and promote activity
Strengthening and Stability
Gradual strengthening exercises as puppies gain the ability to support themselves
Tactile stimulation (different floor textures) to encourage proper paw placement
Use of small props (rolled towels, wedges) to support chest and limbs during recovery
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Regular monitoring of posture, ability to stand, and coordination
Progress reports with photos or videos for breeders and veterinarians
Outcome measures include time to independent standing/walking and chest conformation development
Owner Education
Importance of early detection and intervention in puppies showing abnormal posture
Guidance on creating a proper environment: firm, non-slip flooring and supportive bedding
Training owners or breeders to perform daily therapy exercises safely
Education that with prompt care, many swimmer puppies recover fully and lead normal lives
Geriatric Neurologic Weakness in Dogs
Description of the Ailment
Age-related decline in nerve and spinal cord function that affects strength, coordination, and mobility
Presents as stumbling, dragging paws, knuckling, difficulty rising, or generalized weakness
Not a specific disease, but a clinical picture resulting from aging changes, often combined with arthritis or muscle loss
May overlap with or mimic neurologic diseases such as degenerative myelopathy, IVDD, or peripheral neuropathies
Common Causes
Degeneration of nerves and spinal cord with aging
Chronic orthopedic conditions (hip dysplasia, arthritis) leading to secondary neuro-like weakness
Age-related muscle atrophy and reduced proprioception (awareness of limb placement)
Underlying medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease contributing to weakness
Breeds at Risk
All breeds as they age, though large and giant breeds often show earlier or more severe decline
Senior dogs with pre-existing orthopedic or neurologic conditions are at higher risk
German Shepherds, Boxers, and Corgis predisposed to degenerative myelopathy
Possible Treatments
Medical management: treating underlying diseases (endocrine, metabolic, orthopedic)
Supportive care: pain management, anti-inflammatories, and joint supplements
Rehabilitation therapy: focus on maintaining strength, mobility, and quality of life
Assistive devices: harnesses, slings, or carts for mobility support
Role of Rehabilitation
Mobility and Function Preservation
Controlled exercise programs to maintain strength and coordination
Assisted walking and supported standing to reduce fall risk
Gait retraining to improve stride and limb placement
Temperature Therapies, Stretching, and Recovery Massage
Heat therapy for stiff muscles and joints
Gentle stretching to maintain flexibility and prevent contractures
Massage to improve circulation, relieve soreness, and enhance comfort
Strengthening and Stability
Core strengthening to support posture and reduce fall risk
Proprioceptive exercises (balance pads, cavaletti poles, guided paw placement) to enhance coordination
Hydrotherapy for safe, buoyant-assisted movement when mobility is compromised
Measuring Recovery and Communication
Neurologic and orthopedic exams to track changes in strength, reflexes, and proprioception
Progress reports monitoring gait quality, independence, and quality of life indicators
Outcome measures such as endurance, rising ability, and frequency of falls
Owner involvement with simple daily exercises and monitoring for decline
Owner Education
Importance of maintaining mobility to slow decline, even in older dogs
Environmental modifications: ramps, non-slip flooring, padded bedding
Guidance on assistive devices to support independence and prevent injury
Education that while aging cannot be reversed, quality of life can be greatly improved with proactive care
Osteo-Arthritis (OA)
Osteo Chondritis Dissecans
Fractures
Panosteitis
General Body
CCL Tears
Patellar Luxation
Rear Limbs
Hip Dysplasia
Legg-Calves Perths Disease
Wobbler Syndrome
IVDD
Neurology
Vestibular Disease
Legg-Calves Perths Disease